Packaging Principles

1. Select the appropriate type of packaging based on the nature, state, and weight of the items to be transported.

2. Packaging shall be sturdy, intact, and lightweight, facilitating handling, loading, unloading, and stacking.

3. No protruding nails, hooks, thorns, or similar objects shall be present on the outer surface of the packaging.

4. Packaging shall be clean, dry, and free from odors and oil stains.

5. Items shall be fixed inside the packaging box with no gaps left between the items and the box; fillers shall be used to fill any gaps.

6. Packaged items shall not collide with each other; fillers shall be used to fill any gaps if present.

7. Materials that shed debris or straw (such as straw bags and straw ropes) shall not be used for packaging.

8. The weight of goods in various types of packaging shall not exceed the load-bearing capacity of the packaging.

9. Sharp edges of items shall be wrapped with additional padding to prevent damage to the packaging box or other packaging materials.

10. Lining materials (such as paper scraps) inside the packaging shall not leak out.

11. Goods weighing over 10 kg shall be bound with packing straps.

12. The packing straps shall be able to bear the full weight of the goods and shall not break when the goods are lifted.

Specific Packaging Methods

1. General Pressure-Resistant, Flexible, and Lightweight Items

• Documents, tickets, and similar items shall be placed in paper envelopes.

• Pressure-resistant and flexible clothing shall be packed in plastic bags.

• If the above items are in large quantities, cartons can be used for packaging. To prevent dampness or moisture damage, wrap the items in plastic bags first before placing them into the cartons.

• Large-format calligraphy, paintings, and design drawings that cannot be folded can be rolled up and sealed in triangular tubes.

• The completed shipping label shall be pasted on the seal of the paper envelope to provide additional reinforcement.

• Ensure the seal of the packaging is properly closed and adhered; no items shall be exposed or bound/pasted to the outside of the packaging.

• When sealing a carton with tape:

1. First, fold the two bottom panels of the carton together, then paste tape along the seam on the outside. The tape shall extend 8 cm beyond both ends of the panels and be pasted onto the sides of the carton.

2. Then, use two pieces of tape perpendicular to the previously pasted tape to seal the two seams between the sides and the bottom respectively. The tape shall extend 8 cm beyond both ends of the carton and be pasted onto the sides.

3. Use the same method to seal the top of the carton.

2. Pressure-Sensitive and Fragile Items (e.g., Oil Paintings, Framed Glass)

• Under the condition of protecting the surface and frame from damage, use foam boards to fill in depressions and protrusions, then wrap the entire item with foam film.

• After wrapping, fully cover the outer surface with cardboard and reinforce the flat surfaces with whole sheets of plywood to prevent puncture damage from sharp objects. Then, use foam blocks or folded thick cardboard to wrap all sharp corners.

• Multiple frames shall be individually wrapped and protected according to the above steps; do not stack them together for one-time packaging.

• After individual packaging, place the items into cartons. If the length and width of the items exceed the carton size, custom wooden crates can be made. Ensure a 10 cm gap between the flat surfaces of the items and the carton walls, and a 5 cm gap between the side edges of the frames and the carton walls. Fill all gaps with foam beads, paper scraps, or other filling materials.

• Items of the same length and width can be stacked together after Step 2 to make the outer packaging. If the sizes are different, separate outer packaging shall be made for each item.

• Affix "Fragile" labels prominently on all sides of the outer packaging.

3. Fragile Items (e.g., Glass Products, Mechanical and Electrical Products)

• For glass products and items contained in glass containers, separate them as much as possible before packaging.

• For irregularly shaped items:

1. Remove detachable irregular parts and wrap them with foam packaging materials without causing damage.

2. For non-detachable irregular items, fully wrap all parts and place them into a box that can completely accommodate the items. Fill the box with foam fillers and seal it to fix the items in place without movement.

• In principle, if one side of the inner packaging box exceeds 50 cm in length, the outer packaging shall be a wooden crate.

• If the length does not exceed 50 cm, place the inner box into a larger carton with a 5 cm gap on all sides. Fill the gaps with foam fillers and seal the carton.

• Secure the packaging with strapping using a strapping machine or similar equipment.

• Affix "Fragile" labels prominently on all sides of the outer packaging.

4. Small-Sized Items

• After packaging, the total sum of the length, width, and height of the entire small-sized package shall not be less than 40 cm, and the smallest side shall not be less than 5 cm. If the package is smaller than the above dimensions, place it into a plastic bag, seal the bag, and attach the shipping label.

5. Long Fragile Items

• For long fragile items such as fishing rods and golf clubs, use triangular tubes as outer packaging.

• Wrap the items with foam film and place them into the triangular tubes. Fill any gaps with filling materials to prevent movement.

• If there are multiple items of the same type, each item shall be individually packaged into a triangular tube in principle. Alternatively, after individual packaging, bind the items together, place them into a triangular tube, and fill any gaps.

• Affix "Fragile" labels prominently on all sides of the triangular tubes.

6. Liquid Items

• To prevent leakage caused by air pressure changes, glass containers shall be used as much as possible; soft packaging (including plastic containers) shall be avoided.

• The interior of the container shall have a 5-10% empty space, and the lid shall be tightly sealed to prevent spillage.

• If glass containers are used, each container shall hold no more than 500 ml, and the gross weight of a single shipment shall not exceed 25 kg.

• Each container shall first be placed into a double-layer plastic bag. The interior of the box shall be lined with hard materials such as plywood, and the innermost layer shall be covered with absorbent materials.

• Fill the box with foam fillers and seal it to prevent the containers from touching each other or moving.

• Place the inner packaging into a larger box with a 5 cm gap on all sides. Fill the gaps with foam fillers and seal the box. If hard liners are not used, a more sturdy wooden crate shall be used.

• Affix "Fragile" labels prominently on all sides of the outer packaging.

7. Powdered Goods

• For powdered goods in glass or fragile bottles:

1. Each bottle shall contain no more than 1 kg of powder.

2. Use double-layer packaging (refer to Section 3 for specific methods).

• For powdered goods in bags:

1. The outermost layer shall be a plastic-coated woven bag to prevent powder leakage.

2. The gross weight of a single shipment shall not exceed 50 kg.

• For powdered goods in hard paper barrels, wooden barrels, or plywood barrels:

1. The barrel body shall be intact, with tight seams, a sealed lid, and sturdy hoops.

2. The gross weight of a single shipment is preferably no more than 25 kg.

• Except for fragile bottles such as glass bottles, other bottled packages shall be placed into large cartons. The inner walls of the cartons shall be lined with hard materials such as plywood, and the cartons shall be filled with foam fillers before sealing.

• If plywood or similar liners are not used, metal or wooden packaging crates shall be used.

• Affix "Fragile" labels prominently on all sides of the outer packaging.

8. Precision Fragile and Brittle Goods

• The gross weight of a single piece of such goods is preferably no more than 25 kg. Based on the fragility of the goods, the following packaging methods shall be adopted:

1. Multi-layer packaging: Follow the instructions in Section 3.

2. Suspended packaging: Use several springs or ropes to suspend the goods from all sides inside the box (e.g., for large electron tubes, X-ray tubes).

3. Anti-inversion packaging: Design the container with a large base, a handle on the lid, or a gable-shaped lid. Items that should not be placed flat (e.g., glass panels, windshields) must be packaged to prevent flat placement (with a large base and supported vertically) before they can be shipped.

4. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) packaging: Wrap the CRT tightly with sufficiently thick foam plastic or other cushioning materials, then place it into a sturdy corrugated carton or wooden crate. Ensure no movement of the item inside the box.

9. unpackaged Goods and Goods Resistant to Heavy Pressure

• Irregularly shaped hard goods that are difficult to count, easy to damage, or may damage aircraft must be additionally packaged with burlap, cartons, cloth strips, or ropes to avoid damaging other goods or the aircraft.

• The strength of the ropes used to bind the goods shall be sufficient to bear the full weight of the goods, and the ropes shall not break when the entire goods are lifted.

10. Valuable Items

• When packaging valuable items according to the above methods, select sturdy and non-destructible packaging types (e.g., wooden crates, iron boxes, synthetic plastic boxes) and add "well" (♦)-shaped iron straps for reinforcement.

11. Moisture-Proof Packaging

• Products must be dry and clean before packaging.

• If the product has sharp protrusions that may damage the moisture barrier, protective measures shall be taken.

• If the product requires both moisture-proof packaging and other protective measures, corresponding measures shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of other professional packaging standards.

• Fillers, supports, and fixings used to prevent the product from moving during transportation shall be placed outside the moisture barrier as much as possible.

• The volume of the moisture-proof packaging shall be minimized.

• Use metal or non-metallic containers with zero or near-zero moisture permeability to package the product and seal it:

1. Without desiccants: Vacuum packaging, gas-filled packaging, etc.

2. With desiccants: Silica gel and montmorillonite are generally used.

• Use flexible materials with low water vapor permeability to package the product with desiccants and seal the package:

1. Single-layer flexible film packaging with desiccants.

2. Composite film packaging with desiccants.

3. Multi-layer packaging using different materials with low water vapor permeability.